How To Desolder a PCB?

What is Soldering and Desoldering?

Soldering is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Desoldering is the removal of solder and components from a circuit board for troubleshooting, repair, replacement, and salvage.

While soldering is an important skill, being able to desolder is also important. In some cases, it can be even more important than soldering itself.  This document attempts to teach soldering through a few simple steps. Tips and tricks are also provided at the end.

How To Desolder

Step 1: Equipment 

Desoldering requires two main things: a soldering iron and a device to remove solder.

Soldering irons are the heat source used to melt solder. Irons of the 15W to 30W range are good for most electronics/printed circuit board work. Anything higher in wattage and you risk damaging either the component or the board. Note that you should not use so-called soldering guns. These are very high wattage and generate most of their heat by passing an electrical current through a wire. Because of this, the wire carries a stray voltage that could damage circuits and components.

The choice of your solder removing device is also important. There are two main ones; vacuum pumps (solder suckers) and solder wick. They both do the same thing, so what you use will depend on your personal opinion or experiences. I suggest keeping both on hand though, as you may find that each works well in different situations. Solder suckers usually look like large syringes. There is a spring loaded plunger, and a button to release it. The plunger is pushed down. When you want to suck up the solder, you position the nozzle over the molten solder and hit the button. The plunger moves up, creating a vacuum and sucking up the solder. Solder wick, on the other hand, has no moving parts. It looks like wick used in oil lamps, except that it is made of copper. To use it, you put the wick over the joint and heat it. One thing to note about solder wick is that it is expensive, and because it is expendable, a solder sucker may be a better choice if you plan to do a lot of desoldering. I personally prefer to use a sucker to remove most of the solder, then finish up with the wick.

Remember that when desoldering, the resin in the solder and the coating on the board may releases fumes. These fumes are harmful to your eyes and lungs. Therefore, always work in a well ventilated area. Hot solder is also dangerous. Be sure not to let it splash around because it will burn you almost instantly. Eye protection is also advised.

Step 2: Surface Preparation

There isn't really too much to worry about when removing solder. Just make sure to get any grease, varnish or glue off the joint before you start heating. If you don't, you will probably foul the tip of your soldering iron pretty quickly.

Step 3: Apply Heat

Lay the iron tip so that it rests against both the component lead and the board. Normally, it takes one or two seconds to heat the component up enough to solder, but larger components and larger soldering pads on the board can increase the time.

Step 4: Remove Solder

Solder Sucker: Push down the plunger so it locks into place. Usually, you will feel or hear a click. If the tool has been used before, a small "plug" of solder may be pushed out of the nozzle. Once the solder sucker is cocked, put the nozzle into the molten solder and press the button. The plunger will pop up quickly take the solder with it. This should remove most, if not all, the solder from the joint. Don't worry if the tip softens a little, but don't melt it. You may need to repeat this step a few times in order to get all the solder.

Solder Wick: You will probably want to heat the wick first. Before applying any heat to the joint, lay the wick over it and put the tip of the iron on the wick. It will take a second or two to heat up, but once it is hot you will feel the wick slide. You should also see the solder flow into it. You probably won't have to repeat this step. Once a section of wick is filled with solder, it is used up and must be replaced. Since the wick comes on a spool, all you need to do is cut off the used sections and take some more off the spool.

Step 5: Clean Up

You may wish to clean the solder pad and surrounding pad to remove any resin and left over solder. There are commercial products available to take off the resin, but 000 steel wool works well of you are careful.

Damaged Solder Pads

Occasionally, you may damage a solder pad in your efforts. Usually, this just involves lifting the pad from the board, but not actually separating the traces. If this is the case, then it should be fine if you just leave it. If this is not the case and you actually break the trace, you will need to use a small piece of wire to connect the pad to where it is supposed to go. Just follow the trace until you find a suitable location for soldering. Usually, this is the next closest solder joint. Then, jumper the wire between the two points.

Tips and Tricks

Desoldering is just like soldering in that it is something that needs to be practiced. These tips should help you become successful quickly.

1. Use heatsinks. Heatsinks are a must for the leads of sensitive components such as ICs and transistors. If you don't have a clip on heatsink, then a pair of pliers is a good substitute.

2. Keep the iron tip clean. A clean iron tip means better heat conduction. Use a wet sponge to clean the tip between joints.

3. Check the pads. Use a continuity tester to check to make sure you did not damage the pad or trace when you removed the solder. If you did, then follow the steps above to fix it.

4. Use the proper iron. Remember that bigger joints will take longer to heat up with a 30W iron than with a 150W iron. While 30W is good for printed circuit boards and the like, higher wattages are great when desoldering heavy connections, such as those to a chassis.

5. Use both a solder sucker and solder wick. Use a solder sucker to remove the majority of the solder, then follow up with the wick to finish things up.

Environmental protection -- Plant grass on the hosts

The author Mike Schropp reformed the host named Casemod, leaving little space for himself to plant grass on the host. Mike introduces that the grass on the host can enjoy the greenhouse environment with warm soil to help the grass sprout and grow. Thus, he spent time on learning botany. He tried to find the appropriate atmosphere and master the temperature by the computer.

In the whole process he was trying and researching. At least, from the picture the result seems good and maybe the computer radiation can be eaten more.

To collect the heat from the host, Mike found several bottles to disperse the heat from the host. After measuring the PC by controlling the fan the result turns out that the lowest temperature is 24 Celsius, the highest is 33 Celsius.

It seems a little complicated, but the expense is less than 10 dollars.

All of us can do to protect environment and against heat radiation.

This Is the Robot Maid Elon Musk Is Funding

Inside a secretive AI nonprofit backed by Elon Musk and other Silicon Valley figures, a handful of robots designed to help out in warehouses are gradually learning how to do useful household chores.

OpenAI, which was created to do basic AI research, is reprogramming robots developed by Fetch Robotics, a company that supplies warehouse automation hardware. Researchers at OpenAI are equipping the robots with software that lets them train themselves through trial and error.

The effort reflects a bet that innovations in software and machine learning, rather than breakthroughs in hardware, are the way to give robotics remarkable new capabilities. Fetch makes a range of robots for warehouses, including systems that follow workers around a building, carrying items dropped into a basket. OpenAI is using a system that features a mobile base but also 3-D depth sensors, a 2-D laser scanner, and a robotic arm with seven degrees of freedom.

Through reinforcement learning, this robot developed by Fetch Robotics is figuring out how to help around the house.

In April, OpenAI recruited Pieter Abbeel, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and a leading expert on robot learning. Abbeel has shown how robots can use a machine-learning approach called deep reinforcement learning to acquire completely new skills that would be hard to program by hand, such as folding towels or retrieving items from a refrigerator. Google DeepMind, an AI subsidiary based in the U.K., uses this technique to get computers to play computer games at a superhuman level (see “Google’s AI Masters Space Invaders”).

Abbeel’s robots learn tasks from scratch, using a neural network that receives sensor input and controls physical movement. The network adjusts its parameters automatically as it inches closer to its goal. A robot might try thousands of grips, for instance, in the process of learning how to hold a certain object.

“If this goal can be achieved, then there will be economic and industrial benefits,” says Marc Deisenroth, an expert on reinforcement learning at Imperial College London. “Imagine a Roomba not only cleaning your floor but also doing the dishes, ironing the shirts, cleaning the windows, preparing breakfast.”

Deisenroth says using off-the-shelf robots could drive costs down. “Currently, the software seems to be the bottleneck,” he adds. “However, independent of this, better hardware could also lead to substantial improvements.” Soft manipulators and elastic feet similar to a monkey’s feet are concepts that researchers have started working on, he says.

Some manufacturers, including the Japanese company Fanuc, are testing reinforcement learning as a way to train industrial robots quickly in new tasks such as learning to grasp unfamiliar objects. When many robots work in parallel, the training time required is reduced accordingly (see “This Factory Robot Learns a New Job Overnight”). Robot researchers at Google are testing similar learning techniques.

“Moving away from having to program robots by hand by endowing robots to learn autonomously is a key element for the future of robotics,” says Jens Kober, an expert on robot learning at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. Kober says having robots share the information they have learned will be crucial.

While robots such as those made by Fetch are finding their way into many factories and warehouses, domestic robot helpers remain the stuff of science fiction. Performing seemingly simple tasks like washing dishes or folding laundry in a messy home setting is incredibly hard for a machine. A robot programmed the conventional way can easily be thrown off by an unfamiliar object or a slight variation in lighting.

OpenAI confirmed that it is working with the robots from Fetch, but it declined to comment further. Melonee Wise, the company’s founder, couldn’t be reached for comment (see “Innovators Under 35: Melonee Wise”).

OpenAI was created by Musk and a handful of well-known (and well-heeled) Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, including investor Peter Thiel, Y Combinator president Sam Altman, and the incubator’s cofounder Jessica Livingston. The nonprofit’s backers have committed $1 billion in funding to the project, and it is being led by Ilya Sutskever, a prominent AI researcher who left Google to join the project, and Greg Brockman, an early employee at the high-profile digital payment company Stripe.

While OpenAI has committed to making the technology it develops publicly available, it could certainly benefit companies backed by Musk and Thiel, as well as those emerging from Y Combinator.

Source:technology review

ON develops new CCD pixel design technology

ON Semiconductor is introducing technology that improves the near-infrared sensitivity of CCD image sensors with an 8 MP image sensor – the KAI-08052.

It is the first device in ON’s CCD portfolio to leverage the technology which provides up to twice the sensitivity in near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths as the company’s standard Interline Transfer CCD pixel design.

This enhanced sensitivity can be critical in applications such as scientific and medical imaging, where samples emit or fluoresce in NIR wavelengths; or in machine vision and intelligent transportation systems (ITS), where NIR illumination is often used to better examine an object or to isolate a vehicle’s license plate.

The new CCD pixel design used in the KAI-08052 extends the electron capture region deeper in the silicon to better capture electrons generated by long wavelength photons. This deeper pixel well improves detection of NIR wavelengths by up to a factor of two depending on the specific wavelength studied.

And since the well structure also isolates the photodiodes from each other, this increase in NIR sensitivity comes without any reduction in image sharpness (modulation transfer function, or MTF).

“Camera manufacturers and end customers continue to confirm that products based on both CCD and CMOS technologies will be needed in these markets, making it important that we continue to develop and advance both of these technologies,” says ON’s Herb Erhardt, “the KAI-08052 provides a significant improvement in NIR sensitivity compared to our standard pixel design, and we look forward to utilizing this technology in additional products in the future.”

The KAI-08052 is available in a RoHS-compliant CPGA-67 package in Monochrome, Bayer Colour, and Sparse Colour configurations, and is fully pin compatible with the existing KAI-08051 image sensor as well as a full family of 5.5 µm and 7.4 µm CCD image sensors.

By David Manners exacted from http://www.electronicsweekly.com/

How to DIY simple wind charger so that we can ride and charge mobile phone

  

As we know,smartphones cost more in electricity.And nowadays people become more and more reliant on the mobile phone. Besides, they will have the feeling of nothing left to live for. So it is normal that people need to charge for their mobile phone from time to time. However, it is not easy to charge everywhere especially when you don’t take portable mobile power.Now a 16-year-old boy Thomas makes a simple wind charger assembling in the bike. It only costs him 5 dollars. Now he can charge for his smartphone when riding. Let’s see, how does he do that.

  

What the necessary tools are: soldering iron, glue gun and wire tape.

What the necessary materials are: an old CPU fan, a ring inductance coil, 2N2222 or 2N3904 or BC547 transistor, 5V boost module, five germanium diodes (Bought form Kynix semiconductor), small circuit board, old mobile phone battery and the bicycle fixator.

Then, it is the work by electrician and hand. First, disassemble the fan and find the leading wire to connect together and use the electronic gauge to check which wire lead is the highest and remove another leading wire. After that, connect the germanium diode and the circuit board to build the electricity bridge. At last, fix the lithium battery and circuit under the fan and then install in the bicycle. Of course, the premise is to connect the cellphone to check whether it can charge or not and then fix in the bicycle.

The speed of the simple charger cannot be comparable with the standard recharges. It only can be used in the urgent emergency and hope it can do help to you guys.

Arizona Capacitors’ high quality range of specialist audio capacitors is now available exclusively in the UK from Aspen Electronics

Manufactured in the US by Arizona Capacitors, now part of Electro Technik Industries, the C50309 range of paper and polyester dielectric, oil-filled capacitors is designed for use in audio equipment such as pre-amplifiers, amplifiers and loudspeaker crossover networks.

Using well proven, traditional high quality materials and techniques, these capacitors are designed for high performance and long life and feature the finest capacitor grade kraft paper and polyester available. Components in the range are rated for operation at 600V DC and standard capacitance tolerance is +/-10%. Insulation resistance is quoted at 6000 megohm-microfarads minimum, while the dissipation factor is less than 1% measured at 120Hz. The operating temperature covers the full military range from -55 to 125oC at full rated voltage. A typical capacitor in the range is the C50309-6224K offering a capacitance of 0.22µF +/-10%.

The hermetically-sealed tubular brass case diameter is 17mm, and overall length is 47.6mm. The 20awg leads are solder-coated oxygen free solid copper.

This is just one of a range of capacitor designs specifically aimed at the high end audio market. These capacitors are ideal for high end crossover circuits and filter applications in amplifiers, pre-amplifiers and power supplies, plus other specialist, high quality audio equipment.

Of interest to those audio experts looking for that vintage sound, Arizona Capacitors started life as West Cap of Arizona, a company that has been making capacitors in Tucson since 1952. It moved into its current larger, more modern,Tucson facility in March 2012, and has continued its tradition of making high grade capacitors.

From distributor

The American robot with the appearance like the Transformer can become the tank

Recently Carnegie Mellon University has released a new type of robot with a similar appearance of Transformer. He can walk towards the wall and transform into a tank  to walk in the bumpy surface.

See, CHIMP is an all-wheel-drive robot who can climb the ladder like a human being.

After CHIMP transforms into tank, he will use his four belts to proceed in the surface.

CHIMP can climb the ladder, build large building and operate electric tools. Besides,he can control car steeling wheel.

Creative minds — robots can stand and walk after tumbling

Boston Dynamics Company recently has released a new video, which shows the new generation robot Atlas designed by the company can stand up and cross the difficult terrain. In the video, the robot can walk freely in the snow and lift the objects with both hands. Even when falling down, he can stand up by himself.
According to Boston Dynamics Company, it is the newest version of Atlas robot. This kind of robot can be operated indoors and outdoors. The robot is driven by the electric power and move by hydraulic hitch package. The sensor is installed in the robot’s body and legs to help it keep balance. And optical radar and vision sensors are installed in robot’s head to help the robot escape the barriers, judge the appearance and navigate. This version Atlas is 1.75 meters tall and weighs about 82 kilograms.

Put down the suitcase, and go anywhere you want

The above suitcase is designed by Shanghai Robot team COWA Robot. The amazing point is you don’t need to pull and it will follow you automatically.

  It mainly benefits from Co-Move Technology designed by the team. It is said that the suitcase can follow the owner and escape the barrier around it. With the newest Co-EYE tiny depth sensor, the suitcase can sense the environment around and then plans the route to chase its owner. What’s more, the roller will adapt different pavements. So you can do the things you need to do at hand.

  Maybe you will consider what if it is lost. Don’t worry, the electronic lock will need your fingerprint or NFC in your mobile phone to open the suitcase. By GPRS, even if consignment you can find the real-time location of your suitcase.

  Besides, the suitcase is in the auto following state, once the distance is over 1.5 meters your phone will send auto reminder message to you and it will come back within 50 meters automatically.

The overview of 232HESP

The Model 232HESP is designed to help protect against lightning strikes, power surges, and other types of voltage disturbances. Five RS-232 signals on terminal blocks are supported with a clamping voltage of approximately 15 volts. The 232HESP offers three stages of protection starting with a gas discharge tube followed by a series resistor and finally a Transient Voltage Suppresser (TVS). In order for a surge protector to work properly it is important to have a good connection to earth ground. The 232HESP offers two terminal posts and two metal mounting brackets that provide a good ground connection for the user. The 232HESP has been tested to two specifications at 6 kilovolts, IEC 1000-4-5: 1995 “Surge Immunity Test” and IEEE C62.41-1991 “IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits”. To ensure the best protection of your equipment some simple connection guidelines should be followed.

The “RS” stands for “Recommended Standard.” That being the case, it was always rather loose. RS-232 is capable of operating at data rates up to 20 Kbps and can push data about 50 ft. The absolute maximum data rate is difficult to nail down due the differences in the transmission line and cable length. It is possible to operate at some pretty high data rates if the distance is short. 

If you want to know more RS-232, you can come to Kynix. 

The simple introduction of Semiconductor CS8190

The CS8190 is specifically designed for use with air−core meter movements. The IC provides all the functions necessary for an analog tachometer or speedometer. The CS8190 takes a speed sensor input and generates sine and cosine related output signals to differentially drive an air−core meter. Many enhancements have been added over industry standard tachometer drivers such as the CS289 or LM1819. The output utilizes differential drivers which eliminates the need for a zener reference and offers more torque. The device withstands 60 V transients which decreases the protection circuitry required. The device is also more precise than existing devices allowing for fewer trims and for use in a speedometer.

Features

• Direct Sensor Input

• High Output Torque

• Low Pointer Flutter

• High Input Impedance

• Overvoltage Protection

• Return to Zero

• Internally Fused Leads in PDIP−16 and SO−20W Packages

• Pb−Free Packages are Available*

If you need, please come to Kynix Electronics. We have multiple goods in stock to serve for you.

Tell you more info about CXA20 series

The CXA20 is a new 20 W addition to the CXA family of open-frame, isolated, dc-dc converters. The five model series features a 4:1 input voltage range of 18 Vdc to 75 Vdc, making it suitable for a wide variety of communications and distributed power applications. With its 2.0 x 1.6 inch industry standard footprint, the CXA20 provides an easy upgrade option for new and existing Artesyn customers seeking a high-performance, cost-effective power supply. The CXA20 is available in output voltages of 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V, ±5 V and ±12 V. The 3.3 V version delivering up to 6 A is fully rated to 20 W. Typical efficiency for the CXA20 is 83%. The CXA20 offers remote ON/OFF as well as over voltage, over temperature and short circuit protection features.

Notes

1 Negative output voltage deviation when either load is changed.

2 For TVS/Zener specifications please see Application Note 107.

3 On dual output models, OVP protection is on positive outputs only.

4 With respect to minimum input voltage.

5 With one external 4 µF capacitor across the input.

6 Unit provides basic insulation up to the 75 Vdc maximum input voltage.

7 Maximum continuous output power not to exceed 20 Watts.

8 User must provide 2 A HRC (recommended) in line fuse in order to comply with safety approvals.

9 Download Application Note 107 and the full data sheet from our website.

10 The‘J’ suffix indicates that these parts are Pb-free (RoHS 6/6) compliant. TSE RoHS 5/6 (non Pb-free) compliant versions may be available on special request, please contact your local sales representative for details.

11 NOTICE: Some models do not support all options. Please contact your local Artesyn representative or use the on-line model number search tool at http://www.artesyn.com/powergroup/products.htm to find a suitable alternative.

 I found the related information only for reference.The information is mainly from Kynix Electronics, a company specializing in electronic component distribution business with thousands of electronic components. 

Low-power cost-effective PIC32 MCUs

Microchip® Technology Inc. introduced its lowest power and most cost-effective family of 32-bit PIC32 microcontrollers (MCUs). The Microchip PIC32MM family bridges the gap between the company’s popular PIC24F XLP and PIC32MX families. The new family is the first PIC32 to feature core independent peripherals, designed to offload the CPU for lower power and lower system design. The PIC32MM devices are supported by the Microchip MPLAB® Code Configurator (MCC) to help simplify and accelerate designs.

Today’s embedded applications targeting the Internet of Things (IoT), consumer, industrial control, and motor control require flexible MCUs that consume less power, are more cost effective and have smaller form factors. For applications demanding low power and longer battery life, the PIC32MM has sleep modes down to 500 nA. Applications with space constraints will benefit from the small 4 × 4 mm package options. The PIC32MM devices include core independent peripherals such as Configurable Logic Cells (CLC) and Multiple-output Capture Compare PWMs (MCCPs) which help enable sensorless BLDC motor control applications.

“With volume pricing starting at $0.60, sleep modes down to 500 nA, and compact 4 × 4 mm packages, the PIC32MM family offers a compelling solution for applications with budget, power and size constraints,” said Joe Thomsen, vice president of Microchip’s MCU16 business unit. “Supported by the popular MPLAB Code Configurator tool, these PIC32MM devices are easy to set up, accelerating design schedules for rapidly changing markets.”

If you want to know more about PIC32MM , you can come to our website "http://www.kynix.com/Search/PIC32.html"

LM5080 -- Modular Current Sharing Controller

The LM5080 is a simple and cost effective load share controller that provides all functions required to balance the currents delivered from multiple power converters operated in parallel. The LM5080 implements an average program (AP) method of active load share control which adjusts the output voltage of individual power stages either up or down to deliver nearly equal currents to a common load. The average program method improves stability and reduces the output voltage tolerance when compared to other common load sharing methods. The LM5080 supports two common applications for load sharing methods. The LM5080 supports two common applications for load share controllers: external control in which the load share circuit balances currents between separate power modules (bricks), and internal control where the load share circuit is integrated into the voltage regulation loop of each power converter module or circuit.

Features

1.       Average program current share method

2.       Single-wire star link current share bus

3.       No precision external resistors necessary 3V to 15V bias voltage range

4.       Adaptable for high or low side current sensing

5.       Flexible architecture sense adjustment

6.       Positive remote sense adjustment

7.       Trim or reference adjustment

Our company produces this product,if you want to know more, come to our website. www.kynix.com

Kynix --- A rising star in electronic components

With the development of modern society, everything has created its own developing process and rules. There is no exception for the electronic components. It has undergone typical electronic components, mini electronic components, ordinary electronic components and smart mini electronic components. The electronic industry is going to the gorgeous future.

 There are many types of micro electronic components including integrated circuits, mixed integrated circuits, chip and flat electronic or electronic mechanical component and so on.

Passive Components Manufacturers play a key role in the development of the electronics industry and more globally in the development of the e-society in Europe and the rest of the world. Every new function, every new semiconductor, generates new requirements in volume and performance for passive components. Supported by several large companies and a great number of SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises), the passive component industry has accumulated a considerable competence and know-how over the years. For example it has been capable of producing the sophisticated parts required for the European world-leading mobile phone and automotive industries. Electronic systems and equipment, as well as electronic components, are undergoing crucial changes. Increasing performance and miniaturization are becoming standard requirements, as are decreasing prices. European industry has been able to face up to these challenges successfully.

With millions of electronic parts available from around the world, finding the right part, in stock, and for the right price can be difficult. Luckily there are several worldwide electronic parts distributors that provide services for hobbyists to OEMs. Many of the global electronics distributors also provide a number of tools to manage projects as well as design services to help build that next product. One of the companies Kynix is building to become a better server for us.

  Kynix from HongKong Limited company was founded in 2008, specializing in electronic components distribution business.  With the accurate quotation, excellent credit, reasonable price, reliable quality, fast delivery, authentic service, they have won the praise of majority of customers.
Kynix's customer groups include:  aerospace service providers; medical devices manufacturers; research institutions, telecommunications equipment manufacturers; automotive electronics manufacturers; nuclear power, industrial equipment manufacturers; in addition to serving for many large, medium and small electronic components agents and distributors. Kynix has gradually built up a number of channels of supply and cooperation relationships, providing customers with excellent products, chain management services and full technical support to meet our customers' product development and production.

  Although Kynix is not so famous like Mouser Electronics, Digikey Electronics, we are trying to be better and you will be the honorable customers for us. Kynix will promise we won’t let you down. 

How to recognize the structure of the electronic conponents

All electronic equipment is made up of many component parts and all of them  work together, modifying and managing current and voltage in all kinds of different ways. Most components are independent, off-the-shelf parts; they have distinctly identifiable shapes, sizes and colors. After these simple introductions you can learn to identify what the different parts are and I will enclosed some pictures for better understanding the structure.

Circuit Board

The circuit board itself is a thin plastic rectangle, usually mounted inside the equipment case. Small boards are matchbook-sized; large ones can measure 20 inches or more on a side. A typical board has components on one side and conductive copper foil paths on the other that serve as the circuit’s wiring. Boards are usually tan or blue, but also come in other colors.

Schematic Diagram

·      A schematic diagram for an electronic circuit can be a helpful guide to identifying components. In the schematic, straight solid lines indicate wiring and connections between various parts. Short zigzag lines are resistors. Capacitors are represented by short parallel lines that may be straight or curved. Transistors and diodes have arrows indicating the direction of current flow. Complex components such as integrated circuits are represented by a block diagram. Each symbol is typically labeled with a letter and a number according to a standard scheme.

Integrated Circuits

·     Integrated circuits are miniature electronic components that may contain up to billions of microscopic transistors, resistors and other parts. Although they come in many different package styles, they generally are dark rectangular slabs of plastic or ceramic that connect to the board via several metal pins; they have a passing resemblance to small pieces of dark chocolate. ICs usually have part numbers written on them to help you identify them.

Resistors

·      Resistors are simple electronic components that limit the amount of current passing through a circuit. On a board, resistors are small horizontal cylinders bearing four or five colored stripes; the stripes are a code that reveals the part’s resistance in ohms. For example, the color code red-red-orange-gold is a 22,000-ohm resistor accurate to 5 percent. A board may have dozens of resistors.

Capacitors

·         Resistor is electronic device between the two terminals. When the electric current passes by, the voltage and the electronic is the direct proportion. Capacitors serve as storage containers for electric charge, and are rated by capacitance in farads and breakdown voltage in volts. Although vintage capacitors have color codes, modern examples typically have the farad and breakdown voltage ratings printed on the part. Capacitors may be vertical or horizontal cylinders, disk-shaped or resemble glossy gumdrops.

Connectors

·      A circuit board may have one or more connectors attached to it; a cable snaps onto the connector and carries electrical signals from it to other parts of the electronic equipment. Connectors are usually plastic and have one or more metal pins or fittings that mate with the cable.

To know more, you can see the video from youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VN8BA3eElJo
If you have the requirement for the electronic components, please come to http://www.kynix.com.
Here is the contact number
+86-755-8860-5655